2023 March Board Book

Pressman et al.

10.3389/fsufs.2022.1072805

Funding

single-sector inventories, which some authors argue is limited. GWP ∗ provides a direct relationship between cumulative emissions and their warming effects, which conventional GWP does not. This relationship exists because GWP ∗ represents methane’s short-lived nature, by which it does not accumulate in the atmosphere under declining emissions, unlike CO 2 . We found that conventional GWP underrepresents the warming impacts of dairy CH 4 emissions in CA under increasing emissions rates, and overrepresents their warming impacts under declining emissions rates. GWP ∗ represents that under declining emissions rates, cumulative California dairy CH 4 decrease and warming forced by these emissions also decreases, although any CH 4 that continues to be emitted is still a strong climate forcer. In contrast, under declining annual CH 4 emissions, GWP-based CO 2 -equivalent emissions (CO 2 eq) continued to accumulate, so GWP did not indicate the correct direction of temperature change. While IPCC AR6 makes clear that metric choice depends on policy goals, given its ability to unambiguously link warming impacts to SLCP emissions, GWP ∗ may provide a more accurate tool for quantifying SLCP emissions into policy contexts that specifically aim to limit global warming, such as the Paris Agreement.

Financial support to EP was provided by the Students Training in Advanced Research (STAR) Program at the UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine through the Ritchie Hill endowment funds, SAVMA AWESC Environmental Awareness Grant, and NIH Grant T32GM136559.

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge Joe Proudman for his helpful feedback. We acknowledge researchers at FAPRI and AMAP for providing information about the methodology used in FAPRI/AMAP projections.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

Data availability statement

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

Author contributions

EP designed the research approach, compiled data, wrote the R code to analyze the results, analyzed the results, and prepared the manuscript. SL helped design the research approach and provided data and support in carrying out the research. FM proposed the research question and supervised the work. All authors reviewed drafts of the manuscript, provided feedback, and approved the final version.

Supplementary material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fsufs.2022.1072805/full#supplementary-material

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